A third way that gene duplicates arise is by retrotransposition.

Here the messenger RNA from a gene is reverse-transcribed to DNA, which is then integrated into the genome.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

In other terms, the confidence intervals are evaluated using the given confidence level from an endless number of independent samples.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Confidence Interval Formula

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

The null hypothesis is a kind of hypothesis which explains the population parameter whose purpose is to test the validity of the given experimental data.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Null hypothesis is either rejected or not rejected based on the viability of the given population or sample.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

In other words, the null hypothesis is a hypothesis in which the sample observations result from the chance. It is said to be a statement in which the surveyors want to examine the data. It is denoted by H₀ .

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

In statistics, the null hypothesis is usually denoted by letter H with subscript ‘0’ (zero), such that H₀ . It is pronounced as H-null or H-zero or H-nought. 36.