Glycogen breakdown and synthesis is coordinately regulated by the second messengers Ca2+ and cAMP, whose levels are regulated by neural and hormonal stimulation, respectively

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 543

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Glycocalyx is a viscous polymer that is external to the cell wall and composed of polysaccharide, polypeptide, or both. For example: Bacillus anthracis produces a capsule of D-glutamic acid

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 544

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Capsules often protect pathogenic bacteria from phagocytosis by the host cells.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 545

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

In peptidoglycan the amino acids occur in an alternating pattern of D and L forms

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 546

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Racemase is responsible for converting D amino acid into L form.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 547

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Negative charge (due to phosphate) of teichoic acids may play role in cell growth, preventing extensive wall breakdown.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 548

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Outer membrane of gram negative provides barrier to certain antibiotics, lysozyme, detergents, heavy metals, bile salts, etc.