Some parasitoids themselves serve as hosts for other parasitoids, which are known as hyperparasitoids.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9016

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

When dark‐treated chloroplasts are exposed to light;

The flow of protons from the stroma into the thylakoid lumen is coupled to the release of Mg2+ from the intrathylakoid space to the stroma.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9017

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

When dark‐treated chloroplasts are exposed to light

These light actuated ion fluxes decrease the stromal concentration of protons (the pH increases from 7 to 8) and increase that of Mg2+ by 2 to 5 mM. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9018

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

When dark‐treated chloroplasts are exposed to light

activate enzymes of the Calvin–Benson cycle that require Mg2+ for catalysis and are more active at pH 8 than at pH 7 for STROMA

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9019

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Five pivotal enzymes are regulated by Ferredoxin–thioredoxin Fd-Thrx system

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9020

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Thioredoxins occur in multiple forms and have conserved structures to interact with target enzymes

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9021

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

There are Seven different types of thioredoxin in cells, Trx f, m, x, y, and z are located in the chloroplasts, o in mitochondria, and h in the cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum, and plasma membrane.