O2‐sensitive hemoprotein kinase FixL controls a regulatory cascade that activates transcription of nitrogen fixation genes

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Activated PKB also promotes survival of many cultured cells by phosphorylating the Forkhead transcription factor FOXO3a on multiple serine and threonine residues.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

The cytosolic phosphoserine binding protein 14-3-3 then binds to phosphorylated FOXO3a and sequesters it in the cytosol.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

A FOXO3a mutant in which the three serine residues that are targets for PKB are mutated to alanines is constitutively active

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

PI-3 kinase signaling pathway is terminated by

PTEN phosphatase, which hydrolyzes the 3-phosphate

in PI 3-phosphates.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

PTEN can remove phosphate groups attached to serine,

threonine, and tyrosine residues in proteins, its ability to

remove the 3-phosphate from PI(3,4,5)P3 is its major function in cells.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Loss of the PTEN protein contributes to the uncontrolled growth of cells.