Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) with the pluripotency of an embryonic stem cell. These genes were 

a. Sox2 and Oct4 (Oct3, Oct3/4, and Pou5f1) -which activated Nanog and other transcription factors that   established pluripotency and blocked differentiation

b. c-Myc which opened up chromatin and made the genes accessible to Sox2, Oct4, and Nanog

c. Klf4 -which prevents cell death

#Id: 2754

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

An AFLP is detected as a differential mobility of an amplified DNA fragment; AFLPs, therefore, behave as codominant markers during inheritance.

#Id: 2755

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Linker and/or adapter molecules can be joined to the cut ends. Linkers are short, chemically synthesized, double-stranded oligonucleotides, which contain within them one or more restriction endonuclease sites, e.g., linker 5'CCGAATTCGG (only one strand of the linker is shown here) contains one EcoRI site. 

#Id: 2756

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Linkers are fused with blunt-ended DNA fragments; cleavage of the linker with the appropriate restriction enzyme creates suitable cohesive protruding ends.

#Id: 2757

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Linkers have the following two applications: creation of cohesive 'ends

on blunt~ended DNA fragments, and 

on fragments having unmatched or undefined sequences in their protruding ends. 

#Id: 2758

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Examples of adapters. 

An adapter used to create BamHI sticky ends at the blunt ends of a DNA insert. 

A conversion adapter produced by associating two oligonucleotides, each having a different recognition sequence at its 5'~end but a complementary sequence for base pairing at the 3 '-end. 

#Id: 2759

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Adapters are short, chemically synthesized DNA double strands, which already have one or both sticky ends.