Late blight disease (A), caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans

Black stem rust, which results from infection by the basidiomycete Puccinia graminis

Global banana (Musa spp.) production is under threat from black Sigatoka disease Mycosphaerella fijiensis.

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Plant species produce cysteine protease, which disrupt the

peritrophic membrane that protects the gut epithelium of many insects.

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Antidigestive proteins in plants are the proteinase inhibitors. Found in legumes, tomato, and other plants, these substances block the action of herbivore proteolytic enzymes

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Many plants release a specific bouquet of volatile organic compounds when attacked by insect herbivores. These volatiles can consist of compounds from all major pathways for secondary metabolites including terpenoids (mono- and sesquiterpenes), alkaloids (indole), and phenylpropanes (methyl salicylate), as well as green-leaf volatiles. 

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

These VOCs are herbivore– induced plant volatiles (HIPV) HIPV and act as cues for natural enemies of the insect herbivore, for example parasitic wasps.

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

When maize plants were exposed to green-leaf volatiles (VOCs), JA and JA-related gene expression were rapidly induced.

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

To distinguish between “self” and “nonself” during pathogen infection, plants possess pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that perceive microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) which are conserved among a specific class of microorganisms (such as chitin for fungi, flagella for bacteria) but are absent in the host.