In the basal state, 

GAPs inhibit RalA and Rab10 function by enhancing their rates of GTP hydrolysis

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#Id: 4450

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Electromagnetic lenses are used to focus a high-velocity electron beam instead of the visible light.

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#Id: 4451

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Transmission electron microscope- examine viruses or the internal ultrastructure in thin sections of cells

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#Id: 4452

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Thicker sections must be fixed, dehydrated, embedded in plastic, sectioned, and then stained with electron dense heavy metals for TEM.

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#Id: 4453

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

For TEM two types of staining is done:

Negative staining

Metal shadowing

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#Id: 4454

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Negative staining- heavy metal coats the grid but is excluded from the regions where the sample has adhered.

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#Id: 4455

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Commonly used heavy metals

Uranyl acetate

Osmium tetraoxide