Eat me” signals

Dying cells facilitate their own phagocytosis by expressing on their surfaces such as phosphatidyl serine and lysophosphatidyl choline, proteins (annexin I), and altered carbohydrates. 

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#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

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#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Phenotypic plasticity can be visualized with the reaction norm.

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#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

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#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

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#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

One is unequal crossing over, in which recombination happens between different positions on chromosomes that are misaligned during meiosis. 

Another is replication slippage, in which the DNA polymerase loses its place and copies a segment of chromosome twice.

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#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

A third way that gene duplicates arise is by retrotransposition.

Here the messenger RNA from a gene is reverse-transcribed to DNA, which is then integrated into the genome.