HA trimers are responsible for the attachment of the virus to host cells, binding to the sialic acid. 

NA is an enzyme that cleaves N-acetyl neuraminic (sialic) acid

Within the envelope, consists of eight different strands of single- stranded RNA (ssRNA) associated with protein and RNA polymerase. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8815

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

fluorescence occurs in nanoseconds (ns, 10–9 s); however, photochemistry in photosynthetic organisms occurs more rapidly, in picoseconds (ps, 10–12 s). Thus, when the 1,000‐fold more rapid pathway of photochemistry is available, little fluorescence is observed and photosynthesis proceeds with high efficiency. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8820

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8821

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8822

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8824

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Cyclic electron transport produces only ATP as a product without net production of NADPH.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8825

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Cyclic electron transport pathway is catalyzed by the NADH dehydrogenase‐like (NDH) complex in the thylakoid

membrane. This large complex is similar to mitochondrial Complex I,