Cell wall endotoxins of some gram-negative bacteria activate macrophages, resulting in release of high levels of IL-1 and TNF-α, which can cause septic shock.

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#Id: 5668

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Except in the cochlea, the kinocilium, is a true but nonmotile cilium with nine pairs of microtubules around its circumference and a central pair of microtubules. one of the largest processes and has a clubbed end. 

(The kinocilium is lost from the hair cells of the cochlea in adult mammals)

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#Id: 5669

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5670

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Stereocilia (all are the same height)

are present in all hair cells

have cores of actin filaments coated with isoforms

of myosin 

increase progressively in height; along the perpendicular axis

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#Id: 5671

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5672

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Hair processes provide a mechanism for generating changes in membrane potential proportional to the

direction and distance the hair moves

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#Id: 5673

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

The resting membrane potential of the hair cells is about

–60 mV.