Noncanonical pathways can be divided into two types: 

1. The “planar cell polarity” pathway

2. The “Wnt/calcium” pathway

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Fusicoccum amygdali produces the toxin fusicoccin, which targets the plasma membrane H+‐ATPase in many plant species

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Cytosolic complex is bound to a microtubule by the kinesin-related motor protein Costal-2 (Cos2).

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

The t-test is any statistical hypothesis test in which the test statistic follows a student’s t-distribution under the null hypothesis.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Loss-of-function mutations in PTC1 permit cell

proliferation in the absence of an Hh signal

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#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Primary productivity The rate at which solar or chemical energy is captured and converted into chemical bonds by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.