primer dimers are formed when 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Question id: 41054

#Unit 12. Biochemical Engineering

Q. Consider heat flow across a biological tissue layer that behaves according to Fourier's law (𝑱𝒒=−𝒌𝜵𝑻). If the tissue undergoes a physiological change such that its thermal conductivity (𝒌) doubles, but the temperature gradient (𝜵𝑻) across the tissue is reduced to half of its original value, how will the new heat flux (𝑱𝒒′) compare to the initial heat flux (𝑱𝒒)?

TLS Online TPP Program

#Question id: 41055

#Unit 12. Biochemical Engineering

Q. In the constitutive equation for heat conduction, 𝑱𝒒=−𝒌𝜵𝑻, what is the physical significance of the negative sign?

TLS Online TPP Program

#Question id: 41076

#Unit 12. Biochemical Engineering

Q. A bacterial strain has μmax = 0.8 h^-1 and Ks = 0.2 g/L. What is the specific growth rate when the residual substrate concentration is 0.05 g/L?

TLS Online TPP Program

#Question id: 41077

#Unit 12. Biochemical Engineering

Q. In a chemostat operating at steady state, the specific growth rate of a bacterial culture is 0.2 h⁻¹. The true biomass yield coefficient on glucose (Y_X/S) is 0.5 g/g, and the cell maintenance coefficient (m_S) is 0.05 g/(g·h).

The specific glucose uptake rate (q_S) of the culture in g/(g·h) is ________ .

TLS Online TPP Program

#Question id: 41078

#Unit 12. Biochemical Engineering

A bacterial culture is growing in a batch reactor following Monod growth kinetics. The maximum specific growth rate (u_max) of the culture is 0.8 h⁻¹, and the Monod saturation constant (K_S) is 0.2 g/L.

If the current substrate concentration (S) in the reactor is 0.8 g/L, the specific growth rate (mu) of the culture in h⁻¹ is ________ (Round off to two decimal places).

TLS Online TPP Program

#Question id: 41079

#Unit 12. Biochemical Engineering

Q. A fed-batch bioreactor is operated under a quasi-steady state for the substrate, meaning the total amount of unconsumed substrate in the reactor remains constant over time (d(SV)/dt = 0).The nutrient feed is supplied at a constant flow rate (F) of 2.0 L/h, and the substrate concentration in the feed (S_f) is 10.0 g/L. At a specific time during the process, the total mass of the cells in the reactor (XV) is measured to be 40.0 g. Assuming there is no biomass in the incoming feed, calculate the specific substrate consumption rate (q_S) of the culture in g/(g·h). _________ (Answer in integer or decimal).