1. Presence of oncogenes (iaaM, iaaH and ipt) in T-DNA,

2. Their large size makes the handling procedures during cloning tedious and cumbersome

3. A general lack of unique cloning sites within the T-DNA, which are needed for the insertion of DNA segments to be cloned.

These three problems have been resolved by deleting 

#Question id: 3844

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

The lagging strand is characterized by a series of short segments of DNA (Okazaki fragments) that will be joined together to form a finished lagging strand. The experiments that led to the discovery of Okazaki fragments gave evidence for which of the following ideas?

#Question id: 1812

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

What is the percentage of γδ T-cells bearing Vγ9, Vδ2 T-cell receptors in human adult peripheral blood?

#Question id: 3854

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

In prokaryotes, the presence of a protein called rho will:

#Question id: 1248

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

By what mechanism does PI-3 phosphate promote activation of protein kinase B (PKB)?

a. recruiting PKB to the plasma membrane

b. recruiting the activating kinase PDK1 to the plasma membrane

c. releasing inhibition of the catalytic site by the PH domain

d. by the activation of FOXO3A

#Question id: 1366

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Mechano-transduction is the reciprocal interconversion of a mechanical force—or stimulus—and biochemical processes. These interconversions underlie a variety of biological activities, such as signaling, regulated gene expression, cell proliferation, cell migration, and interactions among cells and between cells and the ECM. Mechano-transduction in the context of cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions usually involves a cell-surface CAM or adhesion receptor that transmits mechanical force or biochemical information across the plasma membrane and one or more intracellular or extracellular mechano-sensors that respond to the mechanical stimulus by changing shape and activity. In Hypothetical model of the partial unfolding of a fibronectin type III, when that protein is subjected to mechanical force, following observations are-

A. Mechanical force generated within the cell by actin movement and transduce via multiple integrin adhesion receptors bound to the extracellular dimeric fibronectin can partially unfold the fibronectin.

B. The unfolding is thought to expose a putative, previously hidden binding site on fibronectin that has the potential to form β sheets with other fibronectin molecules, recruiting them to form fibronectin fibrils, and thus helping assemble the ECM.

According to observations which of the following protein act as mechano-sensor and mechano-transducer respectively?