The F2 progeny from a particular cross exhibit a modified dihybrid ratio of 9 : 7 (instead of 9 : 3 : 3 : 1). What phenotypic ratio would be expected from a testcross of the F1?

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#Question id: 15305

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

The multi-hit model, which proposes that multiple mutations are needed to cause cancer, which of the following is incorrect regarding to this model?

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#Question id: 15306

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

The transformation of a normal cell to a cancer cell is accompanied  by the loss of function of one or more tumor‐suppressor genes. High‐throughput sequencing studies have identified hundreds of genes that are implicated as tumor suppressors in humans. Some of the better characterized genes;

Gene	Primary tumor	Proposed function
i) APC	Colorectal	Binds β ‐catenin acting as transcription factor
ii) BRCA1	Breast	DNA repair
iii) MSH2, MLH1	Melanoma, pancreatic	p16: Cdk inhibitor ARF: stabilizes p53
iv) E‐Cadherin	Breast, colon	Cell adhesion molecule
v) INK4a	Colorectal	Mismatch repair
vi) NF1	Neurofibromas	Activates GTPase of Ras

Choose incorrect matching regarding tumor‐suppressor genes/primary tumor/proposed functions;

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#Question id: 15307

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

In attached table some Tumor‐Suppressor Genes are given with their inherited syndrome; select correctly matched genes with their causing syndrome

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#Question id: 15310

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Organisms such as Escherichia, Enterococcus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae does not require O2 for growth, but grows better in its presence. Such organisms are termed as

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#Question id: 15328

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Given some properties of B-cells, except?

a) They are APCs

b) Have surface marker CD19

c) Antibodies at surface of b cell – IgM, IgE

d) They can express only MHC1

e) Part of Innate immunity

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#Question id: 15329

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

For the B-cell formation provide signals