Using molecular clock, it was estimated that two species X and Y must have diverged from their common ancestor about 5 x 10^6 years ago. If the rate of divergence per base pair is estimated to be 0.06 per million years, what is the proportion of base pairs that differ between the two species now?

#Question id: 1130

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

In muscle cells, glycogen phosphorylase kinase is activated by

a. Ca2+.           b. diacylglycerol.   c. nitric oxide.       d. protein kinase A.    

#Question id: 1131

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Which of the following function(s) as an inhibitor of TGFβ signal transduction?

a. R-Smad       b. I-Smad        c. Co-Smad     d. Ski   e. SnoN

#Question id: 1132

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Which of the following become(s) active as a kinase when an activation lip residue is phosphorylated?

a. EpoR                       b. JAK             c. STAT           d. Ras              e. MAPK

#Question id: 1133

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

What tertiary structure characterizes all cytokines?

#Question id: 1134

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Arrange the following proteins in the proper order in which they become activated in the MAPK signaling pathway:

a. MAP kinase                         b. MEK           c. Ras              d. Raf              e. RTK            

#Question id: 1135

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Which of the following is a direct substrate of MAP kinase?

a. TCF             b. SRF             c. SRE             d. p90RSK      e. CREB