Following statements are regarding to cotransport.

A. The two forces constituting the electrochemical gradient—the membrane electric potential and the ion concentration gradient—may act in the same or opposite directions.

B. Cotransporters use the energy released by movement of an ion (usually H+ or Na+) down its electrochemical gradient to power the import or export of a small molecule or different ion against its concentration gradient.

C. Cotransporters use the energy released by movement of an ion (usually H+ or Na+) down its electrochemical gradient to power the import or export of a small molecule or different ion down its concentration gradient.

D. The cells lining the small intestine and kidney tubules contain symporters that couple the energetically favorable entry of Na+ to the import of glucose against its concentration gradient.

Which of the following is incorrect?

#Question id: 10273

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

The existence of different pathways that serve a similar function and can replace each other without a clear loss in function is called,

#Question id: 10274

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

In plastids, a partial glycolysis occurs that produces metabolites for plastidial biosynthetic reactions, which of the following is not synthesized in the plastid?

#Question id: 10275

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

In the initial phase of glycolysis, each hexose unit is phosphorylated twice and then split, producing two molecules of triose phosphate, in these reactions included irreversible reaction. How much irreversible reaction is performed in the glycolytic pathway through in this series of reactions?

#Question id: 10276

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

In glycolysis, the enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase catalyzes;

#Question id: 10277

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Each of the nine glycolytic intermediates between glucose and pyruvate is phosphorylated. The phosphoryl groups seem to have many functions such as,

a) The plasma membrane generally lacks transporters for phosphorylated sugars, the phosphorylated glycolytic intermediates cannot leave the cell

b) After the initial phosphorylation, further energy is necessary to retain phosphorylated intermediates in the cell, despite the large difference in their intracellular and extracellular concentrations

c) Phosphoryl groups are essential components in the enzymatic conservation of metabolic energy, Energy released in the breakage of phosphoanhydride bonds is partially conserved in the formation of phosphate esters such as glucose 6-phosphate

d) Binding energy resulting from the binding of phosphate groups to the active sites of enzymes lowers the activation energy and increases the specificity of the enzymatic reactions

which of the following functions shows Importance of Phosphorylated Intermediates?

#Question id: 10278

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

The type of ATP synthesis, traditionally referred to as substrate-level phosphorylation involves the direct transfer of a phosphate group, which reactions perform substrate-level phosphorylation?

a) Conversion of Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate

b) Conversion of Phosphoenol pyruvate to pyruvate

c) Conversion of Fructose 6-phosphate to Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

d) Conversion of 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate to 3-Phosphoglycerate

Find the correct one.