Which type of the nitrogen-fixing bacteria are thought to maintain a low oxygen concentration (microaerobic conditions) through their high levels of respiration

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#Question id: 38764

#Plant Biotechnology

Q. What is the primary cause of membrane "disturbance" during the PEG-induced fusion process? 

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#Question id: 38765

#Plant Biotechnology

Q. Why is the "washing process" considered a critical step for actual fusion to occur?

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#Question id: 38766

#Plant Biotechnology

Q. Statement 1 (Assertion): Protoplasts located in close proximity are more likely to undergo fusion during the washing phase of a PEG treatment. 

Statement 2 (Reason): The removal of PEG molecules disrupts the organized structure of the plasma lemma, creating localized instabilities that facilitate membrane merging

Which of the following is correct? 

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#Question id: 38767

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Q.  Statement I: Polyethylene glycol (PEG) facilitates protoplast fusion by disturbing the plasma membrane organization.

Statement II: PEG can bind Ca²⁺ ions, which act as bridges between negatively charged PEG and plasma membrane components.

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#Question id: 38768

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Q. Statement I: PEG is negatively charged and can interact with cations such as Ca²⁺.

Statement II: Ca²⁺ ions can bind to negatively charged molecules on the plasma membrane, promoting membrane proximity.

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#Question id: 38769

#Plant Biotechnology

Q. Statement I: During the washing step, PEG may remove plasma membrane components bound to it.

Statement II: Removal of these components can destabilize membrane integrity and promote fusion of adjacent protoplasts.