When a nonfunctioning duplicate is fixed in the population, or a functioning gene becomes nonfunctional, the result is a genetic skeleton called a pseudogene.

Deletions are important in shaping the genome.

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#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

In yeast Rab protein is the Sec4 and its effectors are exocyst and Type V Myosin.

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#Section 2: General Biology

T-Cell Activation and Differentiation

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#Section 2: General Biology

Antibodies against 

CTLA-4

PD-L1 or PD-1

A CTLA-4-blocking antibody, ipilimumab

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Lysine acetylation 

ε-amino group of a specific lysine of α-tubulin

Microtubules are stabilized against breakage (centrioles, basal bodies, & primary cilia)

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#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

The Death of a Gene

When a gene is duplicated, the new copy is often dead-on arrival (lacks the regulatory elements).