The ER captures selected proteins from the cytosol as they are being synthesized. These are of two types:

Transmembrane proteins

Water-soluble proteins

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10323

#Section 2: General Biology

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10324

#Section 2: General Biology

PD-1 has a structure similar to CTLA-4 and when activated negatively regulates T-cell function by inducing apoptosis of activated T cells. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10325

#Section 2: General Biology

Monoclonal Antibodies Against Immune Checkpoint Molecules to Treat Cancers

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10326

#Section 2: General Biology

Antibodies against 

CTLA-4

PD-L1 or PD-1

A CTLA-4-blocking antibody, ipilimumab

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10327

#Section 2: General Biology

Engineering T cells contain specially engineered T cell receptors, called chimeric antigen receptors, and the modified cells are called CAR T cells

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10328

#Section 2: General Biology

Engineering T Cells to Recognize Tumor Antigens

When reactivated by inhibition of the immune checkpoint, have the capacity to recognize and kill some tumors with a large burden of mutations.