Two major classes of actin-nucleating proteins:

1. Formins nucleate the assembly of unbranched filaments 

2. Arp2/3 complex nucleates the assembly of branched actin networks

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#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

For optimal activity, of acid hydrolases they need to be: Activated by proteolytic cleavage Requires an acid environment.

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

Ne = Male + Female  (when both are equal)

Ne = 4 × n(male) × n(female)/n(male)+n(female) 

(When both unequal Ne is smaller than then sum of both)

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#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Section 2: General Biology

Antibodies against 

CTLA-4

PD-L1 or PD-1

A CTLA-4-blocking antibody, ipilimumab

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

Lysosome an interior pH of about 4.5–5.0