Atoms are made of the same three basic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7733

#Section 2: General Biology

Atoms are made of the same three basic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8213

#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

Autophagy occurs in the following sequence of steps:

Induction by activation of mTOR complex 1

• Nucleation of autophagosome formation by ATG9

• Closure of the membrane cup to form autophagosome

• Fusion of the autophagosome with lysosomes, catalyzed by SNAREs.

• Digestion of the inner membrane and the lumenal contents of the autophagosome

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8212

#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8211

#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

Autophagosome, or autophagic vesicle

formation of a flattened double-membrane cup-shaped structure that envelops a region of the cytosol or an entire organelle.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8210

#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

Autophagy (“eating oneself”)

When cells are placed under stressful conditions, they have the capacity to recycle macromolecules for use as nutrients in a process of lysosomal degradation.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8209

#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8208

#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

There are 4 paths from different sources feed substances into lysosomes for digestion:

• Endocytosis

• Phagocytosis

• Macropinocytosis

• Autophagy