Post-translational modifications of tubulin:

Lysine acetylation

Detyrosylation

Polyglutamylation

Polyglycylation

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Sometimes the tumor cells up-regulate the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins like BCL-2.

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Binding of BiP to the luminal domain of monomeric Ire1 prevents formation of the Ire1 dimer.

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Steady-state phase

G-actin monomers exchange with subunits at the filament ends, but there is no net change in the total length of filaments.

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Size of atom or atomic radii can be estimated by effective nuclear charge

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A third way that gene duplicates arise is by retrotransposition.

Here the messenger RNA from a gene is reverse-transcribed to DNA, which is then integrated into the genome.