A fermenter is maintained at 35⁰C by water circulating at a rate of 0.5 kg s^-1 in a cooling coil inside the vessel. The inlet and outlet temperatures of the water are 8⁰C and 15⁰C respectively. The length of the cooling coil is increased by 50%. In order to maintain the same fermentation temperature, the rate of heat removal must be kept the same. Determine the new cooling-water flow rate and outlet temperature by carrying out the following calculations. The heat capacity of the cooling water can be taken as 4.18 kJ kg^- 1 o C^- 1. From a steady-state energy balance on the cooling water, calculate the rate of cooling with the original coil ___________________.

#Question id: 10542

#Section 6: Plant, Animal and Microbial Biotechnology

Following are certain strategies used by pathogen to attack over the host plant that describe plant-pathogen interactions:

                      I                                                                                             II

A. Necrotrophic pathogens                              i) most of the plant tissue remains alive and only minimal cell damage can be observed, as the pathogens feed on substrates provided by their host

B. Biotrophic pathogens                                 ii) In which the host cells are kept alive as described for biotrophic  Pathogens and followed by a necrotrophic stage, in which the pathogens can cause extensive tissue damage

C. Hemibiotrophic pathogens                         iii) attack their host by secreting cell wall–degrading enzymes or toxins, which eventually kill the affected plant cells, leading to extensive tissue maceration. This dead tissue is then colonized by the pathogens and serves as a food source

Which of the following above combination is correct?

#Question id: 10543

#Section 6: Plant, Animal and Microbial Biotechnology

Effectors are molecules that change the plant’s structure, metabolism, or hormonal regulation to the advantage of the pathogen, which of the following is effector molecules?

#Question id: 10544

#Section 6: Plant, Animal and Microbial Biotechnology

Fusicoccin is a nonspecific toxin from the fungus Fusicoccum amygdali function as,

#Question id: 10545

#Section 6: Plant, Animal and Microbial Biotechnology

Some given facts regarding effector molecules such as;

a) HC-toxin-induced plasma membrane hyperpolarization in guard cells causes massive K+ uptake and permanent stomatal opening

b) Xanthomonas, are proteins that target the plant cell nucleus and causes change in gene expression, called transcription activator-like (TAL) effectors bind to the host plant DNA and activate the expression of genes

c) Fusicoccin, a cyclic peptide, acts on the enzyme histone deacetylase in the nucleus, and may have a compromising effect on the expression of genes involved in defense

d) Gibberellins accelerate growth, resulting in bigger plants when compared with uninfested plants. The gibberellins produced by the fungi are identical to those produced endogenously by the plant

Which of the following combination is incorrect?

#Question id: 10546

#Section 6: Plant, Animal and Microbial Biotechnology

Given below are certain statements regarding plant-pathogen interactions: which one of the following is incorrect?

#Question id: 10547

#Section 6: Plant, Animal and Microbial Biotechnology

Which of the following responses are incorrect for closing of stomata?