Ions, low-MW precursors of cellular macromolecules, products of intermediary metabolism, & small intracellular signaling molecules can pass from cell to cell through gap junctions.

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CAUSES OF GENETIC DRIFT

Genetic drift in a small population over multiple generations can significantly affect the composition of a population’s gene pool. 

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Founder effect

A few individuals form a population start a new population with a different allele frequency than the original population.

Sampling error can arise is through the founder effect, which results from the establishment of a population by a small number of individuals.

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Genetic bottleneck

Genetic drift arises is through a genetic bottleneck, which develops when a population undergoes a drastic reduction in size

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THE MAGNITUDE OF GENETIC DRIFT

n  = population size

pq=allelic frequency

sp2=variance in allelic frequency among the populations

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Loss of their original diversity per generation

=1/2n

Gain of their original diversity per generation

=1/2n 

Gain or Loss of their original diversity per generation

=1/4n

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Probability of being heterozygote in given population

H = 1 - 1/2N