Tumors that arise from exposure to mutagens, such as melanomas (UV light) and lung carcinomas (tobacco smoke) the number of mutations may be hundredfold greater than this. These altered proteins are known as neo-antigens

TLS Online TPP Program

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#XL - T Zoology

Proportional contribution of genotypes to population

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#XL - T Zoology

Relative genotypic frequency after selection

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#XL - T Zoology

Selection coefficients-  The allelic frequency at equilibrium (qˆ) depends on the relative fitnesses of the two homozygotes:

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#XL - T Zoology

Positive Selection: The Spread of Beneficial Mutations

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#XL - T Zoology

Hitchhiking - An allele at one locus spreads by natural selection acting on a second locus that is in linkage disequilibrium with  the first.

TLS Online TPP Program

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#XL - T Zoology

Mutation and natural selection act as opposing forces on detrimental alleles.