Sporophylls and Spore Variations

Sporophylls produce clusters of sporangia known as “sori”

Groups of sporophylls form cone-like structures called “strobili” 

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In bright light, little transducin is found in the outer segment, and abundant arrestin is found there; in this condition,vision is relatively insensitive to small changes in light.

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Effective population size(Ne)

Effective number of breeding adults in a population.

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Per capita rate of increase, r, related to the net reproductive rate, R₀

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IV. Gymnosperm

non-flowering plants

Naked seeds (fruits are not produced)

Heterosporous- life cycle

Better adaptation for land habitat

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Autosomal recessive mutations in the RPE65 gene are a frequent cause of blindness in children.