Sporophylls and Spore Variations

Sporophylls produce clusters of sporangia known as “sori”

Groups of sporophylls form cone-like structures called “strobili” 

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In highly polarized cells, mitochondria can move long distances being propelled along microtubule tracks

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Mitochondria are associated with the cytoskeleton, which determines their distribution in different cell types.

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VDAC 

A multifunctional transmembrane channel protein (similar in structure to bacterial porins) allow passing of  ions and most small hydrophilic molecules (up to about 5000 Da).

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The most abundant protein in the outer mitochondrial membrane is a mitochondrial β-barrel porin called VDAC (voltage-dependent anion channel).

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MICOS function as a diffusion barrier to prevent mixing of the distinct proteins and lipids in the boundary membrane and crista membranes.

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The binding partners for MICOS in the outer membrane are Tom and SAM protein complexes, (involved in import of proteins into the mitochondria).