I. Tap root system

A single, thick Primary root, called Taproot, with smaller Secondary Roots going out from the sides

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Infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms — such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites

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Tools against infectious diseases

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Intracellular infections are the most difficult for the immune system to detect and eradicate; these can be divided into membrane-bound and cytosolic, with differing key immune response mediators

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Viral Infections

Virus enters a cell via a cell-surface receptor for which it has affinity and preempts cell biosynthetic machinery to replicate all components of itself, including its genome.

This genome replication step is often error prone, generating numerous mutations.

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Influenza virus binds to sialic acid residues

Rhinovirus binds to intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs)

Epstein Barr virus (EBV) binds to type 2 complement receptors on B cells

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Innate response elements commonly engaged by encounter with viral PAMPs, such as secretion of type I interferons, inflammasome and NK-cell activation, as well as IL-12 production.