Polychasial cyme (multiparous)

multiple branches arise at the base of the apical flower on the peduncle. The oldest flower is placed in the middle of the axis

Ex: Calotropis, Hamelia patens

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Hitchhiking: Change in the frequency of an allele due to linkage with a selected allele at another locus.

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Dollo’s law:  A biological generalization positing that complex characters, once lost in evolution, are extremely unlikely to reappear and thus the loss of complex characters is virtually always irreversible.

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Van Valen law - he found a surprising result: rather straight curves, implying that the probability of extinction is roughly constant.

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Ockham’s principle - Principle of parsimony 

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The Forces of Evolution

mutation, 

genetic drift

gene flow or migration

selection.

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Emergence of evolutionary thoughts