The compilation of all carpels within the flower is collectively called the Gynoecium.

A pistil is a collective term for the gynoecium and, thus, may contain one or more carpels.

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#Id: 9533

#XL - R Botany

Genomes of many plant pathogenic bacteria are target to search a cluster of genes that encode the type 3 secretion system (T3SS)

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#Id: 9721

#XL - R Botany

Plant immunity involves

Anatomical/Mechanical Barriers & Constitutive Immunity

Inducible Défense

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#XL - R Botany

Thorns are modified branches, as in citrus and acacia; spines

are modified leaves

Prickles are derived mainly from the epidermis and thus can be easily snapped off the stem, protect plants from larger herbivores

Trichomes, or hairs, provide a much more effective defense against insect pests

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#Id: 9723

#XL - R Botany

Trichomes of nettles (Urtica dioica) have “cocktail” of secondary metabolites that can cause severe irritation of the skin of animals.

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#XL - R Botany

Calcium oxalate crystals are present in the vacuoles of many species, and may be distributed evenly throughout the leaf or restricted to specialized cells called idioblasts

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#Id: 9725

#XL - R Botany

Constitutive chemical defenses are effective against many different herbivores, including insects and mammals.