Alfred Russel Wallace- Who was collecting specimens in the Malay Archipelago, had independently conceived of natural selection.

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Populational change is Darwin’s hypothesis that evolution occurs by changes in the proportions (frequencies) of different variant kinds of individuals within a population.

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Where, though, do these hereditary variations come from?

This was the great gap in Darwin’s theory, and he never filled it. The problem was serious because, according to the prevailing belief in blending inheritance, variation should decrease, not increase.

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Orthogenesis - “Straight-line evolution,” held that the variation that arises is directed toward fixed goals.

So that a species evolves in a predetermined direction by some kind of internal drive, without the aid of natural selection.

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Mutationist - Theories were advanced by some geneticists who observed that discretely different new phenotypes can arise by a process of mutation.

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They supposed that such mutant forms constituted new species and thus believed that natural selection was not necessary to account for the origin of species. The last influential mutationist was Richard Goldschmidt