There are four known forces that are involved in evolution:

1)mutation,

2) genetic drift

3) gene flow or migration

4) selection.

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KDC shows Divergent evolution, in which the genes for an enzyme with one substrate specificity give rise, during evolution, to closely related enzymes with different substrate specificities but the same enzymatic mechanism.

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This reaction is catalyzed by nucleoside diphosphate kinase

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Malonate is an analog of succinate not normally present in cells, is a strong competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase, and its addition to mitochondria blocks the activity of the citric acid cycle.

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As intermediates of the citric acid cycle are removed to serve as biosynthetic precursors, they are replenished by anaplerotic reactions

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When cellular iron concentrations return to normal levels, IRP1 is converted to aconitase, and IRP2 undergoes proteolytic degradation, ending the low-iron response.

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Labile factors called cyclins drive the progression of cells through different stages of the cell cycle by binding to CDKs.