Altruism

Altruistic acts serve to benefit the individual’s close relatives, or kin. They enhance the fitness of other individuals—their offspring—at a cost to themselves.

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Determining allelic frequencies at equilibrium

      

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Migration

Change in the allelic frequencies is the influx of genes from other populations, commonly called migration or gene flow

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The overall effect of migration is twofold: 

1.it prevents populations from becoming genetically different from one another, 

2.it increases genetic variation within populations.

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Amount of change in allelic frequency due to migration

m= proportional of migratory individual in  recipient population

qI – frequency of allele in source population  

qII – frequency of allele in recipient population

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Adaptation is a characteristic that enhances the survival or reproduction of organisms .

Adaptations have evolved by natural selection, which is the centerpiece of On the Origin of Species