Altruism

Altruistic acts serve to benefit the individual’s close relatives, or kin. They enhance the fitness of other individuals—their offspring—at a cost to themselves.

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#XL - T Zoology

Mark-recapture technique can have drawbacks;

1. Some animals that have been marked may learn to avoid the traps. 
2. Recapture rates will then be low, resulting in an overestimate of population size.

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#XL - T Zoology

Some animals can become trap-happy, particularly if the traps are baited with food. This would result in an underestimate of the population size.

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#XL - T Zoology

Clumped: The most common dispersion pattern is clumped, because resources tend to be clustered in nature. 

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#XL - T Zoology

Uniform: Competition may cause a uniform dispersion pattern between individuals. The pattern of trees and seedlings may appear random as seedlings develop from seeds dropped at random.

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#XL - T Zoology

1. The dispersion pattern starts out random but ends up uniform.
2. Uniform dispersions may also result from social interactions.
3. Territoriality between animals also causes uniform dispersion patterns.

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#XL - T Zoology

Random: The rarest dispersion pattern is random because resources in nature are rarely randomly spaced.