Mortality refers to death of individuals in a population. 

Minimum mortality rate, minimum death rate which occurs under ideal conditions of environment

Actual death rate is referred to as Ecological mortality.

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Inside-out signaling

intracellular signaling pathways can, via adapter proteins, modify the ability of integrins to bind

to their extracellular ligands

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Integrin exist in two conformations: 

Inactive, low-affinity, “bent” conformation  

Active, high-affinity, “extended” conformation

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Activation of integrins involves:

Conformational changes near the propeller and 

 βA domains

Separation of the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains

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Hemidesmosomes are integrin-containing anchoring junctions that attach cells to elements of the underlying extracellular matrix.

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Integrins have an important function in neuroregeneration after injury of the peripheral nervous system.

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Three major classes of animal-cell junctions: 

1. Anchoring junctions

2. Tight junctions

3. Gap junctions