Loop method for inbreeding coefficient 

Summation of all possible loop (1/2)n

n= number of individuals in loop except than inbreeding

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7762

#XL - Q Biochemistry

In a covalent bond, electrons are shared between atoms. In an ionic bond, electrons are transferred between atoms.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7761

#XL - Q Biochemistry

A covalent bond is a chemical bond that occurs when two or more atoms share electrons. The sharing of electrons helps complete the outer shell, or valence shell, of both atoms. The sharing of electrons creates a stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7760

#XL - Q Biochemistry

Sulfur normally exists as an eight-atom molecule, S8, while phosphorus exists as a four-atom molecule, P4

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7759

#XL - Q Biochemistry

Some elements exist naturally as molecules. For example, hydrogen and oxygen exist as two-atom molecules.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7758

#XL - Q Biochemistry

A molecule is the smallest part of a substance that has the physical and chemical properties of that substance. In some respects, a molecule is similar to an atom. A molecule, however, is composed of more than one atom.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7757

#XL - Q Biochemistry

Molecules are groups of atoms that behave as a single unit.