Zeff=Z –S

Chlorine would have a Z value of 17 (the atomic number of Chlorine). Continuing to use Chlorine as an example, the 10 inner electrons (S) would screen out the positive charge of ten protons. Therefore there would be and effective nuclear charge of 17-10 or +7.

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Pyruvate Carboxylase

a mitochondrial enzyme that requires the coenzyme biotin, converts the pyruvate to oxaloacetate

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The oxaloacetate is converted to PEP by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. This Mg2+ dependent reaction requires GTP as the phosphoryl group donor.

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Transketolase requires the cofactor thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)

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Acetyl-CoA and NADH are potent allosteric inhibitors of the enzyme. 

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Acetyl-CoA inhibits the transacetylase component whereas NADH inhibits the dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase component. 

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The reaction catalyzed by citrate synthase is essentially a Claisen condensation, involving a thioester (acetyl-CoA) and a ketone (oxaloacetate)