When the anomeric hydroxyl of a D-hexose is on the same side of the ring as C-6, the structure is β a by definition; when it is on the opposite side from C-6, the structure is α.

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#Id: 9368

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Smad4 was originally called DPC (deleted in pancreatic cancer)

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Negative regulators of TGF-β signaling are induced by TGF-β signaling (Example of Negative feedback): 

Ski 

SnoN 

I-Smads (Smad7)

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SnoN and Ski trigger abnormal cell proliferation by blocking the Smad-complex.

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#Id: 9371

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#Id: 9372

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Ski recruits N-CoR, which binds directly to mSin3A; mSin3A interacts with HDAC, that promotes histone deacetylation on nearby promoters, repressing gene expression

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#Id: 9373

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Smad7 binds to the activated RI receptors and blocks its ability to phosphorylate Smad2 or Smad3.