Membrane contact sites (MCSs)

Mitochondria establish MCSs with many other organelles, including ER, lysosomes, peroxisomes, the plasma membrane, the Golgi, endosomes, and even lipid droplets.

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#Id: 7909

#XL - Q Biochemistry

Membrane contact sites (MCSs)

Mitochondria establish MCSs with many other organelles, including ER, lysosomes, peroxisomes, the plasma membrane, the Golgi, endosomes, and even lipid droplets.

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#Id: 9934

#XL - T Zoology

Cell wall endotoxins of some gram-negative bacteria activate macrophages, resulting in release of high levels of IL-1 and TNF-α, which can cause septic shock.

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#Id: 9935

#XL - T Zoology

In staphylococcal food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome, exotoxins produced by the pathogens function as superantigens, which can activate all T cells. 

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#Id: 9936

#XL - T Zoology

Extracellular Bacteria

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#Id: 9937

#XL - T Zoology

Intracellular bacterial

Intracellular bacterial infections tend to induce a cell-mediated immune response, specifically DTH. 

In this response, cytokines secreted by CD4+ T cells are important—most notably IFN-ϒ, which activates macrophages.

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#Id: 9938

#XL - T Zoology

Host immune responses and bacterial evasion mechanisms

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#Id: 9939

#XL - T Zoology

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Pulmonary infection usually results from inhalation of small droplets of respiratory secretions containing a few bacilli.