Negatively charged amino acids have four ionisations zones

1. 1--------pK1 – charge +1

2. pK1---------pKr charge 0

3. pKr---------pK2 charge -1

4. pK2---------14 charge -2

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8428

#XL - T Zoology

Natural selection will favor those individuals that allocate their resources in a way that achieves maximum fitness.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8429

#XL - T Zoology

Trade off - A giving up of one thing in return for another.

Causes of trade off

More mortality in their offspring 

Limitation of food

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8430

#XL - T Zoology

1. OFFSPRING NUMBER VERSUS OFFSPRING SIZE

2. OFFSPRING NUMBER VERSUS PARENTAL CARE

3. FECUNDITY AND PARENTAL CARE VERSUS PARENTAL SURVIVAL

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8431

#XL - T Zoology

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8432

#XL - T Zoology

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8433

#XL - T Zoology

Type of iteroparity

Seasonal iteroparity - have distinct breeding seasons 

Continuous iteroparity- reproduce at any time of the year.