The M6P receptor protein binds to M6P at pH 6.5–6.7 in the TGN lumen and releases it at pH 6, in the lumen of endosomes.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9722

#XL - R Botany

Thorns are modified branches, as in citrus and acacia; spines

are modified leaves

Prickles are derived mainly from the epidermis and thus can be easily snapped off the stem, protect plants from larger herbivores

Trichomes, or hairs, provide a much more effective defense against insect pests

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9723

#XL - R Botany

Trichomes of nettles (Urtica dioica) have “cocktail” of secondary metabolites that can cause severe irritation of the skin of animals.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9724

#XL - R Botany

Calcium oxalate crystals are present in the vacuoles of many species, and may be distributed evenly throughout the leaf or restricted to specialized cells called idioblasts

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9725

#XL - R Botany

Constitutive chemical defenses are effective against many different herbivores, including insects and mammals. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9726

#XL - R Botany

Hemlock (Cicuta sp.) produces cicutoxin, a polyacetylene that prolongs the repolarization of neuronal action potentials.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9727

#XL - R Botany

The active principle in foxglove (Digitalis sp.) is cardinolide digitoxin, a cardiac glycoside that inhibits ATPase activity and can increase myocardial contraction.