Detyrosylation 

tyrosine can be removed by a carboxypeptidase, where it sequentially removes the C-terminal tyrosines from α-tubulin subunits. 

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Host immune responses and bacterial evasion mechanisms

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Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Pulmonary infection usually results from inhalation of small droplets of respiratory secretions containing a few bacilli.

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The inhaled bacilli are ingested by alveolar macrophages in the lung and inhibiting formation of phagolysosomes

CD4+ T cells are activated within 2 to 6 weeks after infection.

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These cells wall off the organism inside a granuloma called a tubercle. The localized concentrations of lysosomal enzymes in these granulomas can cause extensive tissue necrosis.

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Diphtheria

Natural infection with C. diphtheriae occurs only in humans and is spread by respiratory droplets. 

The organism colonizes the nasopharyngeal tract and causes little tissue damage, with only a mild inflammatory reaction. 

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Virulence is due to its potent exotoxin, which destroys the underlying tissue and results in heart, liver, and kidney damage, as well as to suffocation following formation of a tough fibrous membrane in the respiratory tract