Labile factors called cyclins drive the progression of cells through different stages of the cell cycle by binding to CDKs.

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Labile factors called cyclins drive the progression of cells through different stages of the cell cycle by binding to CDKs.

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The G1 cyclin-CDK complex (Cln3-CDK in yeast) stimulates the formation of G1/S phase cyclin-CDKs, which initiate bud formation, centrosome duplication, and DNA replication.

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Once sufficient Cln3 is synthesized from its mRNA, Cln3-CDK complexes phosphorylate and inactivate the transcriptional repressor Whi5.

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Phosphorylation of Whi5 promotes its export out of the nucleus, allowing the transcription factor complex SBF to induce transcription of the G1/S phase cyclin genes CLN1 and CLN2.

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In vertebrates, Rb is the major guardian of the cell cycle, integrating information about DNA damage and cell growth

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Rb binds the activation domains of a E2F transcription factors, in the cytoplasm to prevent them from turning on the genes required for cell cycle progression.