The Cp heat capacity of a defined system is the amount of heat (usually expressed in calories, kilocalories, or joules) needed to raise the system's temperature by one degree (usually expressed in Celsius or Kelvin).

#Id: 4689

#XL - T Zoology

When the fitness interests of two individuals are different, they are in conflict.

The evolution of cooperation and conflict depends on when these kinds of behaviors are favored by natural selection.

#Id: 4690

#XL - T Zoology

Selfish (cheater) genotypes are expected to increase within populations, a trait that benefits the group would have to evolve by selection among groups, rather than by selection among individual organisms within the groups.

#Id: 4691

#XL - T Zoology

Some cells carry a cheater mutation that makes spores but that avoids contributing to the stalk.

#Id: 4692

#XL - T Zoology

Reciprocity

When one individual provides a fitness benefit to another, as long as the second individual is likely to return the favor later.

#Id: 4693

#XL - T Zoology

Altruism

Altruistic acts serve to benefit the individual’s close relatives, or kin. They enhance the fitness of other individuals—their offspring—at a cost to themselves.

#Id: 4694

#XL - T Zoology

An individual carrying the allele can pass copies of it to his or her own children. This is the allele’s direct fitness. The allele can also pass extra copies of itself to the next generation as the result of the increased fitness of relatives that benefit from the altruistic individual’s actions. This is the allele’s indirect fitness.