If the DNA damage is severe, p21 can cause the cells to senesce or p53 can induce apoptosis.

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#Id: 9438

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Polygynous

In polygyny, one male mates with more than one female in a single breeding season, but females mate only with one male.

In species with male-male competition, males are often substantially larger than females, a phenomenon called sexual dimorphism.

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Condition favor polygyny

Resource-based polygyny - Choosing dominant males, a female may be gaining access to good resources.

Harem mating structures - Sometimes males defend a group of females without commanding a resource - based territory. 

Ex- horses and zebras, some deer, lions, and seals.

Communal courting - In some instances, particularly in birds and mammals, males display in designated communal courting areas called leks.

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#Id: 9440

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Polyandrous

In polyandrous mating systems, one female mates with many males.

Honeybees are polyandrous because the queen often mates with multiple males.

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Promiscuous

In promiscuous mating systems, each male or female may mate with multiple partners.

Chimpanzees, bonobos and Intertidal and terrestrial mollusks

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#Id: 9442

#XL - T Zoology

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9443

#XL - T Zoology

Parental care

Caring of young one– Prevent from predator and stress full condition, providing. Parental care is fixed action pattern.

Parental care and clutch size is inversionally proportional.