Promiscuous

In promiscuous mating systems, each male or female may mate with multiple partners.

Chimpanzees, bonobos and Intertidal and terrestrial mollusks

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The merozoites infect red blood cells, which eventually rupture, releasing more merozoites. 

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Eventually some of the merozoites differentiate into male and female gametocytes, which are ingested by a mosquito and differentiate into gametes in the mosquito’s gut. 

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The gametes fuse to form a zygote that differentiates to the sporozoite stage within the salivary gland of the mosquito.

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Leishmaniasis

Leishmania is a flagellated protozoan that lives in the phagosomes of macrophages and is transmitted by sand flies.

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Resistance to leishmaniasis correlates well with the production of IFN-ϒ and the development of a TH1 response.

Strains of mice that are naturally resistant to Leishmania develop a TH1 response and produce IFN-ϒ upon infection. 

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Parasitic Worms (Helminths) Typically Generate Weak Immune Responses