Quorum sensing in Erwinia carotovora is mediated by N‐acylhomoserine lactones, small molecules released from the bacterial cells into the surrounding medium.

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NOD1 also provides protection against the intracellular protozoan parasite Trypanosoma  cruzi,

NOD2 activates responses to some viruses, including influenza.

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The AIM2-like receptors (ALRs) are cytosolic receptors that bind DNA molecules from bacteria and viruses.

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Inflammation

Tissue response to infection or damage which serves to eliminate

Classic signs of acute inflammation are heat (calore), pain (dolore), redness (rubor), swelling (tumor), and loss of function (functio laesa).

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Inflammatory response

The response includes both localized and systemic effects, consisting of altered patterns of blood flow, an influx of phagocytic and other immune cells, removal of foreign antigens, and healing of the damaged tissue.

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Inflammatory response