Processes That Kill Phagocytosed Microbes

Agents include antimicrobial proteins and peptides, low pH, hydrolytic enzymes including lysozyme and proteases activated by the increasing acidity of the phagolysosomes, and specialized molecules that mediate oxidative attack.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10026

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NF-κB pathway is activated by:

TNFα and IL-1, released by immune cells in response to infection.

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#Id: 10027

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NF-κB stimulates expression of several anti-apoptotic proteins, including FLIP, Bcl-XL, A1/Bfl-1, c-IAP, XIAP, TRAF1, and TRAF2.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10028

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In certain immune cells, NF-κB stimulates expression of iNOS (inducible isoform of the enzyme that produces NO), which is toxic to bacterial cells

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10029

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In resting cells,

NF-κB binds directly to an inhibitor called I-κBα

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10030

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A single molecule of I-κBα binds to N-terminal domains of the p50–p65 subunits, masking their NLS.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10031

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I-κB kinase 

three-protein complex and is responsible for releasing NF-κB from sequestration