Variation in Influenza Strains

Antigenic variation in HA and NA is generated by

Antigenic drift involves a series of spontaneous point mutations that occur gradually.

Antigenic shift results in the sudden emergence of a new subtype of influenza.

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In cis interactions (intracellular or lateral interactions)

monomeric CAMs on one cell bind to one or more CAMs in the same cell’s plasma membrane

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Clustered dispersions

Social groups

Clustered resources

Offspring that remain close to their parents.

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Density-independent factors limit population size regardless of the population’s density.

Common density-independent factors include natural disasters such as tornadoes, hurricanes, floods, and fires.

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Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Pulmonary infection usually results from inhalation of small droplets of respiratory secretions containing a few bacilli.