Which of the following cell types are responsible for initiating a secondary immune response?

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#Question id: 34197

#XL - S Microbiology

In a typical batch culture growth curve, which of the following can be used to monitor bacterial population over time?

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#Question id: 34198

#XL - S Microbiology

A bacterial culture has an initial population of 2 × 10⁶ cells. After 3 hours of exponential growth, the population becomes 1.6 × 10⁷ cells. Calculate the number of generations (n) that have occurred in this time.

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#Question id: 34199

#XL - S Microbiology

A culture has a specific growth rate (μ) of 0.693 h^-1. Calculate the doubling time (g) in minutes.

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#Question id: 34200

#XL - S Microbiology

A culture has a cell concentration of 1 × 10⁹ cells/mL and a biomass yield coefficient (Y_x/s) of 0.5 g biomass/g substrate. If 2 grams of substrate are consumed, calculate the biomass produced (in grams).

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#Question id: 34201

#XL - S Microbiology

In a chemostat, the dilution rate (D) is 0.5 h^-1 and the specific growth rate (μ) of the organism equals the dilution rate. Calculate the residence time of the culture in minutes.

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#Question id: 34202

#XL - S Microbiology

If a culture starts with N₀=2×10⁶ cells and grows to N=1.6×10⁷ cells, calculate the number of generations (n).