E. coli encodes several other s subunits that can replace σ 70 under certain circumstances.

a.σ 32 

b.σ 54

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#Id: 6920

#Unit 8. Inheritance Biology

Deletion include,
Terminal deletion

ntercalary/interstitial deletion 

Microdeletion

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#Id: 9274

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Bacterial Nod genes are activated to initiate nodulation in plants by plant signals flavonoids

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#Id: 6059

#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Tundra:   Tundra is found at high latitudes, adjacent to ice margins, where insolation is low.  Tundra is the youngest of all biomes as it was formed after the retreat of glaciers 10000 years ago.  Lack of light and rainfall mean (25 cm per year) that rates of photosynthesis and productivity are low. Large part of the year, water can be locked away in permafrost, a layer of permanently frozen soil below 0.5–1 m.

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#Id: 1298

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

ATP powered pumps transport ions and various small molecules across membranes always against their concentration gradients.

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#Id: 425

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

This 30-nm fiber is further folded, results in 1000-fold compaction in euchromatin in interphase chromatin and in mitotic chromosomes to achieve an overall 10,000- fold compaction in euchromatin.