In PCR, the primer length influences the rate at which primer molecules pair with template DNA; this rate decreases as the primer length increases.

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#Id: 805

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

The holoenzyme could transcribe intact phage T4 DNA in vitro quite actively, the core enzyme had little ability to do this.

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#Id: 806

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Hinkle and Chamberlin experiment showed that the polymerase holoenzyme binds much more tightly to the T7 DNA than does the core enzyme.

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#Id: 807

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Hinkle and Chamberlin experiment also showed that the melted DNA has higher affinity for holoenzyme

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#Id: 808

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

A promoter is defined by the presence of short consensus sequences at specific locations.

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#Id: 809

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

In the bacterial genome, the minimum length of promoter that could provide an adequate signal is 12 bp.  The minimum length required for unique recognition increases with the size of genome, a problem in eukaryotic genomes.

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#Id: 810

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

The 12-bp promoter sequence need not be contiguous. 

If a specific number of base pairs separates two constant shorter sequences, their combined length could be less than 12 bp, because the distance of separation itself provides a part of the signal (usually 16-17 bp)